Kele Technical Reference

Actuators & Dampers - 

• Actuator Sizing for Dampers 
• Actuator Selection Chart 

Control Valves - 

• Butterfly Valve Advantage 
• Sizing Valves for Water and Steam 
• Table - Steam Capacity in Pounds per Hour 
• Table - Water Capacity in Gallons per Minute 
• Valves are the Heart of Your System 

Enclosures - 

• NEMA Enclosure Types 

Flow - 

• Air Flow Measuring and Choosing the Right Differential Pressure Transducer 
• Air Flow Measurement 
• Measuring Air Flow with Pitot and Averaging Tubes 
• Measuring Flow in Tight Spots 

Gas & Specialty Sensors - 

• An IAQ Approach That Pays for Itself with Energy Savings 
• ASHRAE Interpretation Gives Green Light to CO₂ Control 
• Calibration of Carbon Dioxide Sensors is Affected by Changes in Altitude 
• Carbon Monoxide Sensors Do Not Detect Diesel Exhaust 
• What is Demand Based Ventilation? 
• Physical Properties of HFCs and HCFCs 
• Refrigerant Leak Hazards 
• Using CO₂ to Know Your Building Better 
• Vapor Pressures of HCFCs and HFCs 
• Versatility in Refrigerant Monitoring 
• What's Controlling Your Ventilation? 
• Why Measure Conductivity? 
• Why Measure PH? 

Hazardous Locations - 

• Hazardous Atmospheres: An Introduction 
• Hazardous Atmospheres: Explosion Proof 
• Hazardous Atmospheres: Intrinsic Safety 
• Hazardous Atmospheres: Selecting Intrinsic Safety Barriers 
• Intrinsic Safety Spec Calls for Isolated Ground... 
• Intrinsically Safe Method of Sensing Switch Closure 

Humidity - 

• Best RH Level for Building Occupants 
• Sensing and Controlling Humidity 

Level - 

• Liquid Level Measurement 

Miscellaneous Topics - 

• 4-20mA Signal Goes the Distance 
• Accuracy Unraveled 
• AUTOCAD File Links 
• CE Certification - What is it? 
• Chemical Resistance Chart 
• Conversion Charts 
• Conversion Formulas 
• Current to Voltage Conversion for BAS Systems 
• Have a Safe Day! 
• Links to Industry Related Sites 
• Not to be Used as a Life Safety Device 
• The Truth About NIST Certification 
• Time Constant - What does the Term Mean? 
• Understanding Current Sinking, Current Sourcing and Ground Loops 

Network & Wireless -  

• If Only They had Gone Wireless 
• Serial Port Standards 

 Panel Fabrication -  

• Burned Out Bulbs Burning a Hole in Your Wallet 

Pneumatics - 

• Capacity & Consumption 

 Power Monitoring & Protection - 

• Benefits of Smart LED Option on Current Switches 
• Cost Effective Upgrade 
• CT Safety 
• Current Transformer Selection Guide 
• Current Transformers 
• Deregulation of Electric Utilities and the PowerTrak 9000 
• Determining Burden For Current Transformers 
• Difference in Demand and Sliding Window Demand  
• Monitoring DC Current      
• Monitoring Higher Voltages 
• Power Equations 
• Power Factor 
• Surge Protection Chart 
• Terms Neutral vs. Ground  
• The Protection Zone - Applying Surge Protectors 
• Using Current Monitoring for Load Analysis 

Power Supplies -  

• Control Voltage Transformer Selection Guide 
• Powering Multiple Devices from a Common Transformer 
• Sizing Power Supplies for Loop Powered Transmitters 
• Understanding the Basics of DC Power Supplies 
• Voltage Sensing Inputs on Power Supplies 

Pressure -  

• Controlling Duct Pressure 
• Liquid Level Measurement 
• Monitoring Room Static Pressure 
• Physical Properties of HCFCs and HFCs 
• Pressure Equations 
• Protecting the Pressure Transmitter 
• Providing Steam Isolation & Temperature Protection 
• Scaling BAS Inputs for Compound Vacuum/Pressure Transmitters 
• Selecting a Pressure Transmitter 
• Vacuum Products Scaled to 30 inches hg 
• Vapor Pressures of HCFCs and HFCs  
• Why do your Model 47 Snubbers come with extra pistons? 

Relays & Contactors -  

• Definite Purpose Contactors Making a Humming Noise... 
• Form A and Form C Relays 
• Relays and Contactors for Lighting Circuits Failing Often 
• SPDT Relays for Switching 4-20 mA Signal 

Temperature Sensors & Transmitters -  

• 1000 ohm vs 100 ohm RTD Sensors 
• Monitoring Supply and Return along with Local Display 
• Nema 3R Rated Temperature Sensors 
• Range Calibration of RTD Transmitters 
• Sensor Resistance Chart - Precon Thermistors 
• Sensor Resistance Chart - RTD Sensors 
• The Truth About Thermistors   
• Value Beyond Price: PreCon Thermistor Sensors  
• Wire Wound RTD and Thin Film RTD      

Thermostats & Controllers -  

• Balancing A Variable Flow Water System Will Ruin the Control System  
• Complying with Americans with Disabilities Act and ASHRAE Standard 62-1989   
• Control of VAV Systems with DX Cooling     
• Designing and Commissioning Variable Flow Hydronic Systems 
• Energy Approximation Tips 
• Selecting and Controlling Economizer Dampers for VAV Systems with Return Fans 
• The Instability of VAV Systems 
• The Myth of Pressure Independent VAV Terminals 
• Thermostat Selection Tables 
• Thermostat Wiring Terminals 
• What is the Difference Between Dependent and Pressure Independant VAV boxes?  

Transducers - 

• Floating Control vs. Tri-State Control 
• My UPC-422-43-47 Doesn't Work Properly 
• Overpressure or Underpressure on a 4-20mA Scale 
• RES-1E Uses 
• Signal Conversion Applications  
• UCP-422-M2 Manual Override Not Working 
• UCS Series Sequencer Uses 
• UCS Series Sequencers Factory Settings