Kele Technical Reference

Actuators & Dampers -

• Actuator Sizing for Dampers
• Actuator Selection Chart

Control Valves -

• Butterfly Valve Advantage
• Sizing Valves for Water and Steam
• Table - Steam Capacity in Pounds per Hour
• Table - Water Capacity in Gallons per Minute
• Valves are the Heart of Your System

Enclosures -

• NEMA Enclosure Types

Flow -

• Air Flow Measuring and Choosing the Right Differential Pressure Transducer
• Air Flow Measurement
• Measuring Air Flow with Pitot and Averaging Tubes
• Measuring Flow in Tight Spots

Gas & Specialty Sensors -

• An IAQ Approach That Pays for Itself with Energy Savings
• ASHRAE Interpretation Gives Green Light to CO₂ Control
• Calibration of Carbon Dioxide Sensors is Affected by Changes in Altitude
• Carbon Monoxide Sensors Do Not Detect Diesel Exhaust
• What is Demand Based Ventilation?
• Physical Properties of HFCs and HCFCs
• Refrigerant Leak Hazards
• Using CO₂ to Know Your Building Better
• Vapor Pressures of HCFCs and HFCs
• Versatility in Refrigerant Monitoring
• What's Controlling Your Ventilation?
• Why Measure Conductivity?
• Why Measure PH?

Hazardous Locations -

• Hazardous Atmospheres: An Introduction
• Hazardous Atmospheres: Explosion Proof
• Hazardous Atmospheres: Intrinsic Safety
• Hazardous Atmospheres: Selecting Intrinsic Safety Barriers
• Intrinsic Safety Spec Calls for Isolated Ground...
• Intrinsically Safe Method of Sensing Switch Closure

Humidity -

• Best RH Level for Building Occupants
• Sensing and Controlling Humidity

Level -

• Liquid Level Measurement

Miscellaneous Topics -

• 4-20mA Signal Goes the Distance
• Accuracy Unraveled
• AUTOCAD File Links
• CE Certification - What is it?
• Chemical Resistance Chart
• Conversion Charts
• Conversion Formulas
• Current to Voltage Conversion for BAS Systems
• Have a Safe Day!
• Links to Industry Related Sites
• Not to be Used as a Life Safety Device
• The Truth About NIST Certification
• Time Constant - What does the Term Mean?
• Understanding Current Sinking, Current Sourcing and Ground Loops

Network & Wireless - 

• If Only They had Gone Wireless
• Serial Port Standards

Panel Fabrication - 

• Burned Out Bulbs Burning a Hole in Your Wallet

Pneumatics -

• Capacity & Consumption

Power Monitoring & Protection -

• Benefits of Smart LED Option on Current Switches
• Cost Effective Upgrade
• CT Safety
• Current Transformer Selection Guide
• Current Transformers
• Deregulation of Electric Utilities and the PowerTrak 9000
• Determining Burden For Current Transformers
• Difference in Demand and Sliding Window Demand
• Monitoring DC Current
• Monitoring Higher Voltages
• Power Equations
• Power Factor
• Surge Protection Chart
• Terms Neutral vs. Ground
• The Protection Zone - Applying Surge Protectors
• Using Current Monitoring for Load Analysis

Power Supplies - 

• Control Voltage Transformer Selection Guide
• Powering Multiple Devices from a Common Transformer
• Sizing Power Supplies for Loop Powered Transmitters
• Understanding the Basics of DC Power Supplies
• Voltage Sensing Inputs on Power Supplies

Pressure - 

• Controlling Duct Pressure
• Liquid Level Measurement
• Monitoring Room Static Pressure
• Physical Properties of HCFCs and HFCs
• Pressure Equations
• Protecting the Pressure Transmitter
• Providing Steam Isolation & Temperature Protection
• Scaling BAS Inputs for Compound Vacuum/Pressure Transmitters
• Selecting a Pressure Transmitter
• Vacuum Products Scaled to 30 inches hg
• Vapor Pressures of HCFCs and HFCs
• Why do your Model 47 Snubbers come with extra pistons?

Relays & Contactors - 

• Definite Purpose Contactors Making a Humming Noise...
• Form A and Form C Relays
• Relays and Contactors for Lighting Circuits Failing Often
• SPDT Relays for Switching 4-20 mA Signal

Temperature Sensors & Transmitters - 

• 1000 ohm vs 100 ohm RTD Sensors
• Monitoring Supply and Return along with Local Display
• Nema 3R Rated Temperature Sensors
• Range Calibration of RTD Transmitters
• Sensor Resistance Chart - Precon Thermistors
• Sensor Resistance Chart - RTD Sensors
• The Truth About Thermistors
• Value Beyond Price: PreCon Thermistor Sensors
• Wire Wound RTD and Thin Film RTD

Thermostats & Controllers - 

• Balancing A Variable Flow Water System Will Ruin the Control System
• Complying with Americans with Disabilities Act and ASHRAE Standard 62-1989
• Control of VAV Systems with DX Cooling
• Designing and Commissioning Variable Flow Hydronic Systems
• Energy Approximation Tips
• Selecting and Controlling Economizer Dampers for VAV Systems with Return Fans
• The Instability of VAV Systems
• The Myth of Pressure Independent VAV Terminals
• Thermostat Selection Tables
• Thermostat Wiring Terminals
• What is the Difference Between Dependent and Pressure Independant VAV boxes?

Transducers -

• Floating Control vs. Tri-State Control
• My UPC-422-43-47 Doesn't Work Properly
• Overpressure or Underpressure on a 4-20mA Scale
• RES-1E Uses
• Signal Conversion Applications
• UCP-422-M2 Manual Override Not Working
• UCS Series Sequencer Uses
• UCS Series Sequencers Factory Settings