Kele Blog

Addressing IAQ Danger After Winter Weather

Posted on by Kele Inc

Severe winter weather can place significant strain on buildings and their systems. Prolonged cold, snow, ice, and freeze–thaw cycles often lead to issues such as frozen or burst pipes, moisture intrusion, power disruptions, and temporary system shutdowns. As facilities teams work to restore heat, water, and normal operations, many priorities compete for immediate attention.

During this recovery phase, indoor air quality (IAQ) is often addressed later in the process. Cold weather, excess moisture, and periods of reduced ventilation can all influence IAQ conditions during and after winter events, sometimes with effects that persist beyond the initial recovery period.

Moisture intrusion—whether from burst pipes, melting snow, or flooding—can present particular challenges for IAQ and overall building health. When water remains in place, microorganisms may begin to grow and can become airborne, potentially entering HVAC systems. If water damage is not addressed promptly, the impact on both IAQ and HVAC performance can escalate over time. Mold, mildew, allergens, bacteria, and other contaminants are among the risks that may emerge in these conditions.

Beyond moisture-related issues, winter recovery can also exacerbate other common sources of indoor air pollutants, including:

  • Excess moisture and elevated humidity levels
  • Broken or ineffective HVAC or BAS components
  • Outdoor air and pollution sources
  • Pesticides
  • Risky invisible gases, such as radon
  • Indoor materials and furnishings
  • Newly installed flooring, cabinetry, or furniture made from certain products
  • Deteriorating building materials, such as insulation
  • Fuel-burning combustion products, including furnaces

Addressing IAQ concerns typically begins with ensuring that buildings meet established ventilation and air quality standards. ANSI/ASHRAE Standards 62.1 and 62.2 are widely recognized benchmarks for ventilation system design and acceptable indoor air quality and provide a foundation for evaluating system performance.

Once baseline compliance is confirmed, facilities teams may take additional steps to support healthier indoor environments, such as:

  • Cleaning areas that may contribute to compromised air quality
  • Replacing system filters on a regular schedule
  • Using air cleaning or purification devices where appropriate
  • Monitoring systems to identify potential issues early

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BAS Behind the Game: Systems Powering Modern Stadiums

Posted on by Kele Inc

Stadium Automation at a Glance

Stadiums sit idle for days—then must perform flawlessly for tens of thousands of people with no warm-up, no delays, and no margin for error.

 

What makes stadium automation different:

  • Occupancy jumps from 0 to 60,000+ in under two hours
  • No tolerance for lag or manual adjustment
  • Multiple systems must operate simultaneously
  • Failures are immediate, public, and disruptive
  • Success means fans never notice the building

 

Where automation is tested first

When demand spikes, these spaces feel it immediately:

🚻 Restrooms
Instant ventilation, odor control, humidity management, and reliable hot water—without wasting energy between events.

🍔 Concessions
Kitchens, exhaust, pumps, ice machines, and electrical loads must activate together the moment play stops.

🎙️ Press Boxes & Club Suites
Precision temperature and humidity control, independent of crowd behavior elsewhere in the venue.

🅿️ Parking Garages & Loading Docks
Real-time air quality monitoring triggers ventilation only when exhaust levels rise.

🌱 The Field
Lighting, irrigation, drainage, and subsurface systems coordinate to maintain safe, playable conditions.

 

What fails without smart BAS

Without responsive automation, stadiums experience:

  • HVAC lag during crowd arrival
  • Energy waste during long downtime
  • Odors and humidity buildup in restrooms
  • Manual sequencing during peak demand
  • Disconnected systems with limited visibility

Smart BAS eliminates these issues by anticipating demand and coordinating systems in real time.

 

Automation working behind the scenes

Stadium performance depends on infrastructure designed to work together:

  • Sensing: temperature, humidity, pressure, gas, leak detection
  • Control: zone controllers, relays, actuators
  • Power: transformers, panels, control power
  • Integration: a single interface for total visibility

 

Why stadiums are the ultimate BAS stress test

Stadiums expose what automation is truly capable of:

  • No ramp-up period
  • Massive, instant load changes
  • Strict energy and safety requirements
  • Performance under public scrutiny

If BAS strategies work in stadiums, they scale anywhere.

 

One interface. Total visibility.

Integrated BAS brings HVAC, lighting, water, power, and life safety into one platform—giving operators real-time insight and proactive control so events run smoothly and systems fade into the background.

 

From Restrooms to Press Box: The Hidden Automation Behind the Scenes

Why stadium automation is different

  • Occupancy can jump from zero to tens of thousands in under two hours
  • Systems must perform flawlessly without warm-up or manual adjustment
  • Multiple building systems must coordinate simultaneously, not sequentially
  • Failures are immediate, public, and disruptive to the event experience

When tens of thousands of fans arrive within a narrow window, a stadium becomes one of the most demanding buildings in the world to operate. Occupancy spikes instantly. Loads shift continuously. Systems that sit idle for days must perform flawlessly for hours–without hesitation, delay, or visible failure.

Stadiums are a stress test for building automation. Unlike offices or campuses, there is no gradual ramp-up, no margin for manual adjustment, and no tolerance for systems that respond too slowly. If automation isn’t designed to anticipate demand and coordinate systems in real time, the breakdown is immediate—and highly visible.

Fans will remember the score, the big plays, and the halftime show.

But they likely won’t remember the building—and that’s the goal.

That seamless experience is powered by building automation systems working quietly behind the scenes, coordinating HVAC, ventilation, lighting, power, water, and fire and safety systems across the entire stadium. When BAS does its job well, there are no timeouts for building issues—just uninterrupted play and happy fans.

Stadiums: The ultimate stress test for building automation

Stadiums are among the most demanding environments a BAS can serve. Facilities like Levi’s Stadium span roughly 1.8 million square feet, with hundreds of thousands of square feet of enclosed, conditioned space—and occupancy that can jump from zero to more than 68,000 people in less than two hours.

To manage that swing while meeting strict California energy standards, BAS relies on dense networks of sensing and control. Zone- and duct-level temperature sensors provide continuous feedback across concourses, suites, and support spaces. At the zone level, programmable controllers like the KMC BAC-4000 Appstat Series manage airflow and temperature so systems respond dynamically without wasting energy during downtime.

Restrooms: Where demand spikes first and automation is immediately tested

Restrooms are one of the highest-impact spaces in a stadium. When play pauses on the field, restrooms experience extreme spikes in usage, require constant ventilation, and must remain comfortable despite doors opening continuously and humidity levels changing rapidly. At the same time, water systems have to keep pace—toilets must flush reliably, sinks need consistent pressure and temperature, and everything has to work without hesitation when demand peaks.

Without responsive automation, restrooms tend to fail in predictable ways. Ventilation systems are often oversized and left running continuously to prepare for peak demand, wasting energy during long periods of downtime. Or they fall behind during surges, allowing odors, humidity, and discomfort to build quickly.

Automation allows restroom systems to respond immediately to demand while supporting sustainability goals. Temperature and humidity transmitters—such as Greystone Humidity Sensors—help drive ventilation strategies that control odors and moisture during peak periods. Behind the scenes, control power components support valves, sensors, and automation hardware that ensure hot water is available when fans need it, without running systems unnecessarily between events.

Press boxes and club suites: Precision control in high-expectation spaces

Press boxes and premium suites demand tighter environmental control than general seating areas. These spaces are occupied longer, house luxury accessories, and carry higher expectations for comfort and air quality.

BAS enables these areas to operate independently from the rest of the stadium. High-accuracy temperature and humidity sensing feeds zone-level controllers that maintain steady conditions regardless of outdoor weather or crowd behavior elsewhere in the venue. The result is consistent comfort without over-conditioning surrounding spaces.

HVAC at scale: Ramping from empty to sold out without missing a beat

At stadium scale, HVAC automation must handle:

  • Rapid ramp-up before gates open
  • Constant load shifts as crowds move
  • Large duct systems with variable pressure demands
  • Fast scale-down immediately after events end

Few buildings experience occupancy swings like a stadium. HVAC systems must ramp up quickly for event days, then scale back just as efficiently once the crowd leaves.

That flexibility depends on automation. Actuators like Schneider Electric’s MS SmartX Series provide precise, automated control for dampers in HVAC systems, helping to regular airflow and maintain building comfort and energy efficiency. Static and differential pressure transmitters—such as the Belimo 22ADP Series—also help maintain proper airflow through large duct systems as loads change. Using smart BAS products like these enable operators to prepare in advance, rather than reacting after tens of thousands of fans arrive.

Parking garages and loading docks: Safety starts before fans enter

In these spaces, automation must balance:

  • Continuous air quality monitoring
  • Rapid response to exhaust buildup
  • Compliance with safety thresholds
  • Energy efficiency during long idle periods

Before fans ever reach the gates, BAS is already at work in parking garages and loading docks. These areas must be monitored continuously for vehicle exhaust and ventilated only when conditions require it.

Carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide gas detectors, including CO and NO₂ sensors, track exhaust from gas and diesel vehicles in real time. Kele offers a wide range of gas and specialty sensors. When levels exceed safe thresholds, BAS automatically enables ventilation systems—and then scales them back once air quality returns to acceptable levels—protecting occupants while minimizing unnecessary energy use.

Equipment and mechanical rooms: The operational backbone of stadium automation

Mechanical rooms are the nerve centers of stadium automation. Panels housing controllers, relays, transformers, and termination points are often installed in tight spaces near occupied areas, making reliability and serviceability critical.

Control transformers like the Functional Devices RIB TR Series provide stable power for controllers, sensors, and relays throughout the building. Well-organized panels allow technicians to wire, terminate, and maintain BAS components efficiently, ensuring all systems—from HVAC to lighting to safety—work together as intended. Kele not only offers panel components, but builds hundreds of complete panels to specs supplied by our customers, ready to install.

The field: Automation that protects playability and safety

The playing surface itself depends on automation to remain safe and playable. Stadium systems manage lighting, irrigation, drainage, and even subsurface ventilation and heating.

Water detection devices, such as Kele’s popular WD-2 Leak Detector, plus multiple other leak detection options, help identify drainage or moisture issues early. Integrated controls coordinate lighting schedules and field ventilation systems that heat, cool, and dry the surface, extending playability in extreme weather and reducing recovery time between events.

Concessions: Coordinating systems for instantaneous demand

During peak demand, concession areas require coordination between:

  • Kitchen and exhaust ventilation
  • Pumps and domestic hot water systems
  • Ice machines, refrigeration, and electrical loads
  • Safety systems managing heat and moisture

Concessions are a coordination challenge unlike almost anywhere else in the stadium. When play stops, demand spikes instantly—and kitchens, ventilation systems, pumps, ice machines, and domestic hot water equipment all need to come online in the right sequence. These systems aren’t just supporting food service; they’re also managing heat, moisture, and safety in some of the most densely occupied spaces in the venue.

Building automation makes that orchestration possible. Relays and control power components—such as Functional Devices Enclosed Relays—automatically enable exhaust fans, grease control systems, pumps, and ice makers as concession zones are activated, removing the need for manual sequencing. By coordinating multiple systems at once, BAS helps keep food moving, equipment protected, and lines flowing during the busiest moments of the event.

Beyond game day: Adapting automation for concerts and special events

Stadiums host far more than games. Concerts and special events introduce a different set of challenges, including pyrotechnics, theatrical smoke effects, and changing occupancy patterns that can place new demands on ventilation and life safety systems.

Building automation allows venues to reconfigure quickly for these events. Smoke control strategies coordinate fans, dampers, and ventilation systems to clear smoke from enclosed spaces efficiently, while fire and smoke damper actuators—such as the Belimo FS Series—integrate with BAS and life safety systems to support engineered smoke-control sequences. This coordination helps ensure visibility, air quality, and safety are maintained throughout the event, without disrupting the experience for performers or fans.

Delivering this level of coordination requires more than individual components. Stadium automation systems must be designed, specified, and bid with integration in mind from the start. Decisions made early around sensing density, control strategies, power requirements, and panel design determine whether systems will work together seamlessly once the venue is live.

One interface, total visibility across a complex venue

The real power of BAS lies in integration. Operators shouldn’t have to log in and out of separate systems to manage HVAC, lighting, security, fire safety, and water systems. A unified interface brings all of those systems together, giving facility teams real-time visibility across the entire venue so they can make informed decisions, enable equipment proactively, and maintain comfort and safety without disruption.

This level of coordination doesn’t happen by accident. Kele works closely with customers who design, bid, and build these integrated automation systems—often supplying the bill of materials needed to support competitive bids. Once those projects are awarded, those same components become the backbone of systems that monitor and control much of the facility, from enabling ventilation and pumps to managing water heat exchange and HVAC operation. In many stadium projects, these integrated systems account for up to 90% of the building’s operational infrastructure—all accessible from a single, centralized platform.

Energy, sustainability, and the bigger picture

Stadiums make the stakes of building automation unmistakable. Systems must scale instantly, perform under pressure, and disappear into the background while still meeting energy, sustainability, and regulatory demands. Stadiums must reduce waste during downtime, meet increasingly strict regulatory requirements, and demonstrate measurable improvements year over year—all while delivering a seamless experience on event day. For fans and players alike, comfort, air quality, and safety are simply expected, even as conditions change rapidly and demand spikes without warning.

That balance is exactly what building automation makes possible. By coordinating systems behind the scenes, BAS allows venues to scale up when it matters and scale back when it doesn’t—protecting energy budgets without compromising the experience. And while stadiums represent one of the most demanding use cases, the same BAS strategies apply across hospitals, campuses, arenas, convention centers, and large corporate headquarters. The scale may change, but the objective remains the same: deliver comfort, reliability, and efficiency at all times—so occupants can focus on what they’re there for, without ever noticing the systems making it all work.

Parking Garage Gas Detection: CO and NO2 Sensors, Code Requirements, and Best Practices

Posted on by Kele Inc

Gas detection is a critical component of any parking garage ventilation system, yet it is also one of the most commonly misunderstood. Beyond protecting occupants, properly specified sensors play a direct role in meeting mechanical code requirements and controlling ventilation systems efficiently reducing both safety risks and long-term energy costs.

IMC Code Requirements for CO and NO₂ Detection

Under the International Mechanical Code (IMC) Section 404.1, enclosed parking garages must either operate ventilation systems continuously or use automatic controls based on gas detection. In IMC 2021 and later editions, this automatic control method requires carbon monoxide (CO) detectors used in conjunction with nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) detectors. These devices must be UL 2075 listed and installed in accordance with their listing and manufacturer instructions.

ASHRAE Guidance Supports Code Compliance

Engineers frequently reference ASHRAE guidance alongside the IMC because ASHRAE standards—such as Standard 62.1—provide the engineering framework for ventilation rates, air quality control, and energy efficiency. While the IMC defines minimum code requirements, ASHRAE guidance helps engineers implement demand-controlled ventilation strategies that respond effectively to CO and NO₂ levels under real-world parking garage conditions.

For parking garages specifically, ASHRAE has identified CO and NO₂ as two of the most abundant contaminants and emphasized that controlling their levels is central to safe ventilation design, particularly for systems that vary airflow based on actual gas concentrations. In most applications, both CO and NO₂ sensors provide an effective coverage radius of approximately 50 feet. This distance is driven more by gas behavior and dispersion patterns than by the specific sensor brand or model, making proper placement just as important as product selection.

Different Gases, Different Hazards

One of the most common challenges in parking garage design is distinguishing between similarly named gases. Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) are the primary gases of concern in garage environments, but they are often confused with other compounds associated with indoor air quality applications.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), for example, is widely used as an indicator of occupancy and ventilation effectiveness in office buildings, schools, and other occupied spaces. In those environments, CO₂ levels rise as people occupy a space, making it useful for demand-controlled ventilation tied to comfort and air freshness rather than acute toxicity. Similarly, nitric oxide (NO) is typically referenced in specialized industrial, laboratory, or combustion analysis applications, not general parking garage safety.

Parking garages present a different risk profile. CO is produced primarily by gasoline-powered vehicles, while NO₂ is a byproduct of diesel engines. These gases can accumulate rapidly in enclosed or partially enclosed garages and pose direct health hazards if not properly controlled. Understanding these distinctions ensures gas detection strategies align with actual garage conditions and current mechanical code intent.

Commissioning and Code Considerations

Commissioning requirements are becoming more common and can significantly impact project cost and timeline. While the IMC does not define specific gas concentration set points, it does require ventilation systems to respond appropriately when unsafe CO and/or NO₂ levels are detected. Local jurisdictions often add amendments that establish trigger thresholds, which may require calibration gas, test kits, and additional labor during startup. Identifying commissioning and testing requirements early in the design phase helps avoid unexpected costs later in the project.

Sensor Placement and Installation Best Practices

Mounting height was once a point of debate, but current best practices have simplified installation. Today, both CO and NO₂ sensors are commonly mounted at the same height, typically 4 to 6 feet above the floor at breathing level. As NO₂ cools, it settles to levels similar to CO, making dual-gas sensors a practical and cost-effective solution. Using a single device to detect both gases can reduce installation time, wiring complexity, and overall system cost while still meeting IMC requirements.

Choosing the Right Sensor

Larger or more complex parking garages often benefit from controller-based gas detection systems, particularly when multiple zones, staged ventilation, or advanced monitoring and alarming are required. These systems offer flexibility, scalability, and centralized control for demanding applications. Smaller or less complex garages may be well served by standalone sensors that meet UL listing and code requirements while integrating directly with ventilation equipment. Selecting the right solution for the size and complexity of the space supports code compliance, occupant safety, and long-term system performance without adding unnecessary complexity.

Key Takeaways
Safety + Efficiency: Gas detection protects occupants and reduces energy use
IMC 404.1: Allows demand-controlled ventilation using CO and NO₂
IMC 2021+: Requires both CO and NO₂ for automatic controls
UL Listed: Sensors must meet UL 2075 and manufacturer requirements
ASHRAE 62.1: Guides ventilation rates and control strategies
Right Gases: CO and NO₂ matter—CO₂ and NO sensors are recommended elsewhere
Placement: ~50 ft coverage usually 4–6 ft. from ground (breathing level)
Simplified Install: Dual-gas reduce cost and complexity
 

Kele GDS Series

Kele GDS Series
Kele KGD Series
Kele KGD Series
Kele KGC-120 Series
Kele KGC-120 Series
Kele KCO-NO2 Series
Kele KCO-NO2 Series
Kele KCOP Series
Kele KCOP Series

Prepare Your Facility for Winter: Key Systems to Inspect and Maintain

Posted on by Kele Inc

As colder weather approaches, facility managers should take time to ensure their systems are ready for the months ahead. Routine maintenance now can prevent costly downtime later. While every building has unique needs, this seasonal checklist highlights core areas worth reviewing before temperatures begin to drop. Be sure that all electrical inspections and repairs are handled by qualified professionals unless your staff is properly trained.

Heating System Readiness

Your heating system will work hard once winter sets in, so early preparation is key. Most commercial buildings rely on boilers or rooftop units (RTUs), while others may use heat pumps or VAV boxes. Before temperatures drop:

  • Ensure vents and returns are unobstructed to maintain airflow.
  • Clean or replace air filters.
  • Test thermostats and controllers for accurate operation.
  • Test overall system operation for heating and dehumidification equipment, including temperature sensors & transmitters
  • Check glycol-to-water ratios in applicable systems to prevent freezing.

Boilers and Rooftop Units

Boilers and RTUs are critical to building comfort and efficiency. Inspecting these systems early helps prevent mid-season breakdowns. Key maintenance steps include:

  • Check Freezestats (low temperature controls) so you don’t freeze a coil. Kele stocks several along with the spray to test them. Check out the TSA-TF142 Series, and the A/FS-XX Series.
  • Tighten all electrical connections and inspect fan and drive belts.
  • Clean scale and debris from the burner assembly.
  • Check fan motors, bearings, pulleys, and housings for wear; lubricate as needed.
  • Verify proper operation of safety controls and overrides.
  • Measure amp draw on fans and compressors to confirm efficient performance.
  • Inspect heat exchangers for cracks or corrosion.

Electrical Systems

Cold weather increases power demand across facilities, making electrical upkeep essential. To reduce risks and ensure reliability:

  • Test circuit breakers to confirm they’re functioning correctly.
  • Inspect electrical wiring for fraying, corrosion, or other damage.
  • Test electrical outlets, switches, and appliances for safe operation.
  • Document any issues for timely repairs by qualified personnel.

Emergency Power Sources

Backup power systems are vital during outages and winter storms. Regular testing ensures they’re ready when you need them. To maintain dependable emergency power:

  • Perform unloaded generator tests weekly and loaded tests monthly.
  • Complete quarterly maintenance inspections.

Plumbing and Water Systems

Freezing temperatures can lead to major plumbing issues if not addressed in advance. Prevent problems with these steps:

  • Check insulation on pipes, replacing any that are worn or missing.
  • Test faucets, drains, and toilets for proper flow and operation.
  • Drain outdoor faucets and irrigation lines, leaving valves open.
  • Confirm shut-off valves are working correctly.
  • Set thermostats to at least 55°F when buildings are unoccupied.
  • Install leak detection sensors in high-risk areas like mechanical rooms, restrooms, and near HVAC systems. Check out the WD-2PR and the WD-2.

Safety and Lighting

Safety and visibility are especially important during shorter winter days. Before the season begins:

  • Check all interior and exterior lighting for proper function.
  • Replace burnt-out or dim bulbs and clean fixtures as needed.
  • Test exit and emergency lighting for automatic activation.
  • Inspect fire alarms, extinguishers, and sprinkler systems.
  • Ensure doors, windows, and fire exits are unobstructed.
  • Review winter emergency plans with your team.

Complete Your Winter Checklist

Before wrapping up your seasonal maintenance, take a few final steps to protect your facility:

  • Inspect roofs and gutters for damage or debris buildup.
  • Clear exterior walkways and check for trip hazards.
  • Prepare snow and ice removal plans before the first freeze.

A few preventative measures now can prevent costly issues later. For dependable sensors, thermostats, and building automation components, Kele has the solutions to keep your facility operating efficiently all winter long. Visit kele.com to explore products or connect with our team for expert support.

 

How to Wire a Multi-Tap Transformer

Posted on by Kele Inc

Contributed by Functional Devices

Wiring a multi-tap transformer can seem confusing at first glance, especially when you’re staring at a bundle of color-coded wires. It’s a common question we hear from customers: “Which wires do I connect?” The good news is, once you understand your power system setup—whether it’s a Delta or Wye configuration—and know how to measure voltage, connecting our multi-tap transformers becomes a simple, straightforward process.

This guide explains the basics of Delta and Wye systems, how to identify the correct wires, and how to safely connect them to Functional Devices transformers using just a multimeter and a little know-how.

Before we get started, here’s a very important reminder: Always make sure to properly insulate unused primary tap wires.

Answers at a Glance

Q: What’s the first thing I need to know before wiring a transformer?

A: You need to know your incoming power configuration—either Delta or Wye (Y)—and which wires supply the correct voltage for your transformer tap.

Q: Why are there so many wires on a multi-tap transformer?

A: Multi-tap transformers have multiple voltage tap options, each corresponding to different input voltages. The extra wires allow you to select the correct voltage for your application.

Q: How do I identify which wires supply which voltage?

A: Use a multimeter to measure the voltage between pairs of wires in your system. This will help you match the correct input wires to your transformer taps.

Q: Does it matter which phase connects to which wire on the transformer?

A: No, when connecting two phases, it doesn’t matter which phase goes to which transformer wire.

Delta Configuration

WYE Configuration

An easy way to remember this is that the delta configuration looks like a delta symbol, and the wye configuration looks like the letter “Y”. The wye configuration also looks a bit like a flux capacitor from Back to the Future if that helps. Please note that not every delta or wye set up will have these voltages, these are just two examples. The main point to get from this is that your incoming power typically has three phases and one neutral. This allows each configuration to provide two to three different voltages. Usually, between neutral and a phase is a smaller voltage, and between two different phases is a larger voltage. Knowing which voltage is between which two wires is key when installing one of our multi-tap transformers.

Measuring Wire Voltage

If you don’t know which wire is which, you can always measure it using your multimeter. Once you know which two wires have the voltage for the tap you want, simply connect one power wire to the wire on our transformer with the voltage tap you want, and the other power wire to the wire on our transformer labeled “Comm”. Then separately insulate each of the unused wires. It’s that easy!

For the sake of clarity let’s do some examples. Take a look at the wiring diagram for our TR50VA015:

Let’s say you want to connect the delta configuration to our TR50VA015. If you wanted to connect 120 Vac to the primary, you would connect your neutral (WHITE) to the transformer Comm (Blk). Then you would either connect phase A or C (BLACK or BLUE) to the 120 Vac tap on the transformer (Wht). If you wanted to use 240 Vac on the primary, you would take any two of the three phases and connect them to the orange and black wires on the transformer. It doesn’t matter which phase goes to which wire.

For the wye configuration, you would connect your neutral (GRAY) and any phase to the black and brown wires on the transformer for a 277 Vac primary. Similarly, any two phases on the wye configuration should be connected to the gray and black wires on the transformer for a 480 Vac primary.

Hopefully this clarifies how to wire a Functional Devices transformer. As always, if you’re still confused, feel free to contact us! And check out our offering of Functional Devices Current Transformers.

Current Sensors, Relays, and Transformers in Data Centers

Posted on by Kele Inc

Contributed by Functional Devices

 

Data centers — the infrastructure of servers, storage systems, and networking equipment powering much of our modern technology — demand an enormous amount of electricity. With the rise of cloud computing, AI, and IoT-enabled devices, demand is increasing yearly; therefore, careful data center power management is essential to ensure better energy efficiency, controlled utility costs, and uninterrupted operations.

Although you might only think of servers at first when you read “data center,” many electrical devices are working behind the scenes to keep those servers running smoothly, including current sensors for measuring electricity, relays for power switching, and transformers for regulating voltages. This post will cover how these three devices help optimize data center power management and improve energy efficiency.

Functional Devices has been manufacturing current sensors, relays, and transformers for over 50 years. We’ve honed our designs into dependable, efficient, easy-to-install components ready to power data centers, building automation systems (BAS), lighting controls, and more.

 

The Role of Current Sensors in Energy Management

To optimize energy usage in data centers, you must first know how much energy is used at any given point. Current sensors measure electrical currents flowing through circuits, translating them into measurable outputs like voltages or digital signals.
The real-time data a current sensor provides on energy consumption allows a data center manager to optimize power management in the following ways:

• Identify areas of high energy usage
• Make decisions that improve system efficiency and resource allocation
• Detect anomalies and potential problems in the electrical system

Optimizing power management in data centers is impossible without current sensors since no data or baseline informs the process.

Functional Devices’ RIBXGTA-ECM Current Switch has a very low current sensing capability and was specially designed for ECMs (Electronically Commutated Motors), which are associated with a new wave of very efficient HVAC systems, ideal for data center efficiency.

 

How Relays Enable Seamless Power Switching

Another important way to optimize data center power management is by ensuring a continuous power supply and balanced electrical loads. Nobody wants a spotty connection or slow performance in a data center. The power switching a relay performs means the data center gets the power it needs, in the amounts it needs, and when it needs it (especially if the relays are part of the BAS).

A relay is a sophisticated power switch that turns large currents on and off with only a small amount of electricity. Relays protect sensitive circuits, allow for the control of multiple circuits within a single input, isolate high-power and low-power systems from each other, and switch complex operations with minimal power consumption.

Energy needs proper distribution in a data center to prevent issues, and a relay’s automatic power switching helps do that. Good energy distribution optimizes power management by:

• Preventing overloading circuits, failures, and equipment damage
• Ensuring reliable operations
• Improving fault tolerance and detection
• Maximizing efficiency
• Minimizing downtime

Our RIBTW2421B-BCIP is a BACnet/IP Relay ideal for various applications in data centers, ensuring seamless power switching and maximum efficiency.

Transformers: Ensuring Proper Voltage Regulation

Finally, let’s talk about transformers. These devices regulate and convert voltages, amplifying (“stepping up”) or downgrading (“stepping down”) as needed. They play an essential role in improving efficiency and extending the lifespan of a data center.
Imagine your data center taking energy from the grid but with voltages that are much too high to power the sensitive equipment necessary for successful operations. The voltage regulation provided by a transformer protects while improving energy distribution.

In addition, transformers optimize energy management in data centers in the following ways:

• Maintain stable voltage levels for sensitive and critical equipment
• Minimize energy loss due to voltage fluctuations
• Work with relays to balance loads
• Improve performance and efficiency

Functional Devices’ TIB100A is the first-of-its-kind housed DIN rail-mountable power supply, an ideal choice for data centers to power thermostats, relays, contactors, zone control dampers, electronic locks, card readers, temperature sensors, humidity controllers, and emergency notification devices.

 

Optimal Data Center Power Management & Energy Efficiency with Functional Devices

Proper energy management is crucial because data centers require a lot of power and run 24/7. Current sensors, relays, and transformers work together to optimize power distribution by creating an efficient, responsive energy system. The real-time data from current sensors and the coordinated switching of relays and transformers optimize energy usage, reduce operating costs, provide better power quality and reliability, and lower carbon emissions.

Integrating high-quality current sensors, relays, and transformers into your data center makes a watt of sense.

If you have questions about anything you’ve reads in this article, drop a comment below or reach out to us; our team of qualified technicians is ready to help. We’ll make sure you get the support you need to keep your systems up and running. Call us today or shop on kele.com for solutions.

Modulating Control of Fire & Smoke Dampers in Smoke Control

Posted on by Kele Inc

October is Fire Prevention Month, a reminder of the importance of building safety. Belimo FS Series fire and smoke damper actuators have a wide torque range and are important for fire safety. They work well, use little power, and follow safety codes and standards.

Special thanks to Belimo for providing this article on modulating control of fire and smoke dampers.

Jump to Article Sections:

Containment Fire and Smoke Damper Controls
Modulating Control System Dampers
Engineered Smoke Control System Dampers
Underfloor Air Conditioning Example
Sequence of Operation
Summary

In the US, Canada, and Latin America fire, smoke, and combination fire and smoke dampers are used in two general categories:

  1. Containment of fire and/or smoke to maintain building compartmentation. These are installed based on Chapter 7 of the International Building Code (IBC) which is the primary model code. These are sometimes referred to as passive systems although the dampers do close and fire alarms operate when a smoke detector operates.
  2. Engineered smoke control systems use dampers, fans, and some architectural features in a wide variety of applications. These are based on Chapter 9 of the IBC.

In the Americas smoke dampers are always actuated; fire dampers use mechanical means of sensing heat (fusible links that melt and gravity or spring release for closure). They can be actuated for ease of periodic inspection and maintenance. Smoke must be sensed using electrical sensing – smoke detectors. Spring return actuators are used to close the dampers and then the actuator motor used to open the damper. Combination fire and smoke dampers are actuated due to the smoke function.

Many smoke control applications require modulating control of dampers. Stairwell pressurization and underfloor air-conditioning are examples where they can be utilized.

In this article the common control methods for fire and smoke dampers (typically Chapter 7 applications) are described in order to help distinguish among applications. Then modulating control of the same dampers in different applications (typically Chapter 9 applications) is discussed and explained.

Containment Fire and Smoke Damper Controls

Figure 1 shows (from left to right) a duct smoke detector, high temperature switch, and actuated damper. Roughly 80% of fire and smoke dampers are installed this way although the smoke sensing may be via area smoke detection and a relay employed to operate the damper. The damper protects the integrity of the wall to maintain compartmentation so that neither smoke nor fire can pass to an adjacent compartment.

Figure 2 shows the wiring. Starting at the far left, hot power is run to the smoke detector. As long as smoke is not present the detector passes power to the temperature switch. Power to the actuator drives the damper open and holds it in the open position.

If smoke is detected power is removed from the actuator and the alarm contact on the detector closes to issue an alarm. If an area smoke detection system is used, the smoke control system has a relay connected in place of the smoke detector contact.

In case smoke is not detected but the temperature at the damper rises to 165°F (74°C), then the temperature responsive switch opens. This cuts power to the actuator and the damper springs closed. The temperature switch is manually reset so the damper remains closed during the event.

In the cases where the damper is only a smoke damper, the temperature switch is not present. The smoke detector or a relay from the smoke control system is the only operating control.

Engineered Smoke Control System Dampers

Roughly 80% of fire and smoke dampers are installed in containment applications as shown above. About 20% are installed in more customized applications that are designed by the fire protection and mechanical engineers. Typical applications are atria, stairwell pressurization systems, underfloor air conditioning, underground floors, and large spaces like malls, auditoriums, and stages.

Figure 3 shows the basic controls employed in a smoke control system for one damper. The Firefighters’ Smoke Control System (FSCS) panel allows override control and provides status indication for all components of the system.

The dampers used for smoke control are typically of the same construction as containment. The primary difference is in the control methods. The damper blade position indication switches may be auxiliary switches on the actuator, damper blade switches, or magnetic contact switches. The smoke control system has a relay that allows the FSCS panel switches to place it in automatic, closed, or open position. Figure 3 also shows the connections to a networked system. The relays or cards are isolated from the line or 24V power used to operate the actuator.

The smoke control system components are UL 864, UUKL listed. The actuator has UL 873 or UL 60730 electrical listing and UL 2043 low smoke generation listings. The damper and actuator as a unit is UL555S listed.

Figure 4 shows a reopenable damper. Wiring for the Auto-Off-On Override switch is shown connected directly to the FSCS panel although typically there are network relays present to perform the functions. This damper serves both in containment and smoke control functions. It is connected to the FSCS panel so that the fire department incident commander can reopen the damper to remove smoke or pressurize a space. Status indication is provided.

 

Sequence of Operation

In Automatic mode the smoke relay responds to the programming of the control panel to cut power and spring the damper closed when appropriate. Alternately, if a fire is present and the temperature in the duct rises to 165°F (74°C) the primary temperature switch opens and the damper springs closed.

If the panel switch is moved to Override, then the smoke relay and primary sensor are bypassed. The actuator is again powered and the damper opens. However, if the temperature at the damper continues to rise then the secondary sensor opens at 250°F (121°C). (The fire is close enough that there is danger of flames or heat moving through the damper to the other side of the wall.)

In addition, if the fire department moves the switch on the FSCS panel to Off, then power is removed from the actuator and the damper closes.

Modulating Control System Dampers

Some systems require proportional control of the dampers in the fire and smoke applications discussed above. The controls must combine typical temperature and/or pressure control methods as well as fire and smoke functions.

Figure 5 shows the simplest of modulating control methods for a fire and smoke damper. It is used commonly for corridor ventilation. The potentiometer sets a balance position for the damper during normal operation. The relay can close the damper in the event of fire to avoid smoke spread.

Power is placed on the actuator terminals 1 and 2. The potentiometer has a varying signal of from 2 to 10VDC that goes to terminal 3, the signal input. The actuator positions from 0 to 100% to open the damper to the balanced position. The common acts as a source of electrons and carries both AC and DC currents. In an event, the override relay can cut power to the actuator which then springs the damper closed.

Figure 6 shows the same smoke damper as in Figure 4 with an added relay to override the damper open. By shorting hot power to terminal 3 of the actuator, it will drive open. While not always necessary, a contact opens to disconnect the signal terminal on the potentiometer. This prevents hot 24VAC from damaging the signal output. On DDC systems this is important.

There are optional wiring configurations that work just as well as that shown. For example, Override relay 2 could be placed in the common 24VAC wire. At times it is important to arrange the relay contacts so that in case of failure of one relay, the failsafe condition is the safest.

In Figure 7 instead of a minimum potentiometer controlling the actuator, a building automation system, direct digital control sends the signal to terminal 3 and the actuator is continuously adjustable. (Default is 2V, closed and 10V, full open. This is reversible when needed for some applications.) The signal path is from Sig + on the controller to 3 through the actuator electronics to 1 and back out to the controller Com. A complete loop is always needed for current flow out and into any device.

Figure 8 adds a high temperature switch. It is shown here in the common wire but could be placed in the hot wire also. If the temperature at the damper rises to 165°F (74°C) the switch opens to cut power to the actuator, and it springs the damper closed.

Normally, the damper modulates based on the output signal from the BAS controller. Typically, if smoke is detected, the automatic response is to make Override relay 2 and spring the damper closed. If the FSCS panel is set to Open, then Override relay 2 is de-energized and Override relay 1 is energized. The damper is then open 100%. However, if the temperature in the duct going into the damper reaches 165°F (74°C), then the damper again closes.

Figure 9 adds a secondary high temperature switch and a bypass relay in the common wire.

The sequence of operation is as follows:

With 24VAC present and all controls in the normal state, the actuator opens damper to the position the Signal indicates. Actuator will modulate to maintain the setpoint.

Cutting 24VAC power or making Override relay 2 closes the damper.

If the temperature at the damper reaches 165°F (74°C), the primary sensor opens, and the damper springs closed.

If the FSCS panel switch is set to Open, several actions occur.

  1. The primary sensor is bypassed reconnecting the common power to the actuator.
  2. Override relay 1 is made and Override relay 2 goes to normal. This causes the actuator to drive full open. (Hot 24VAC is shorted to the actuator terminal. Hot 24VAC is not allowed to reach Signal of DDC controller as that would destroy the output’s electronics.)

However, if the duct temperature reaches 250°F (121°C), then the secondary temperature switch opens, and the damper again closes. The FSCS panel cannot override this, and manual reset is necessary. It is presumed that the fire is too close to the damper and compartmentation is at risk.

Underfloor Air Conditioning Example

Figure 10 shows an example of an underfloor air conditioning system and how a modulating actuator could function.

The shaft wall is a fire barrier and a smoke partition and therefore requires either separate dampers or a combination fire and smoke damper. The pressure under the floor must be maintained at somewhere between 0.05 and 0.10 in. w.c. (12 to 25 Pa). This would require another damper and modulating actuator. However, by using a modulating fire and smoke damper, only one damper and actuator can do the job of three. This saves material and labor costs and also helps alleviate space constraints.

It would be up to the fire protection engineer and the local authority having jurisdiction to determine if this damper is considered part of containment (Chapter 7) or part of the engineered smoke control system (Chapter 9). It could be used for both. If it is part of the smoke control also, then status indication and overrides would be required.

The sequence of operation is:

  • During normal operation the pressure under the floor is maintained by modulating the damper mounted in the shaft wall.
  • If a fire occurs and the temperature at the damper reaches 165°F (74°C), then the damper closes.
  • If smoke is present in duct (or space area), then damper closes.

Summary

There are a large number of methods to modulate fire and smoke dampers and apply fire and smoke safety controls. In containment applications, the damper is closed when either high temperatures or smoke is observed. In smoke control systems a number of ways exist to either open or close the damper to purge or pressurize spaces to prevent smoke from spreading.

Some, not all, of the methods of control are shown and explained in this article. Consult the referenced Codes and Standards or contact the author for additional information.

If you have questions about anything you’ve reads in this article, drop a comment below or reach out to us. We’ll make sure you get the support you need to keep your systems up and running. Call us today or shop on kele.com for solutions.

Top 10 DIN Rail Transformer Issues & Troubleshooting Guide

Posted on by Kele Inc

Contributed by Functional Devices

Let’s talk about transformers (and no, we don’t mean car-shifting robots). Although DIN rail mountable transformers are compact and easy to use, safe, and cost-effective, they can have issues like any other component in your lighting controls or other systems.

Tracing and correcting any faults in your lighting and control systems is essential to the day-to-day and long-term functioning of your entire building. Don’t let any straws break the camel’s back. In this post, you’ll learn how to diagnose and resolve common transformer issues and when to call in the professionals.

Signs of DIN Rail Mountable Transformer Malfunction

Before we jump into troubleshooting, you must know what to look for. Here are some signs that your transformer isn’t performing as it should:

  1. Unusual noises (humming, buzzing, etc.)
  2. Overheating or excessive heat generation
  3. Voltage fluctuations/ripple voltage
  4. Power delivery inconsistencies or output voltage issues
  5. Physical signs (discoloration, corrosion, or damage)
  6. Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses

If you observe any of these signs, it’s time to turn off the power and investigate the cause and source.

 

Common Transformer Issues and Their Causes

After noticing the symptoms, you need to diagnose the root issue. But first, you need to know what those issues might be. Here are the most common problems your DIN rail mountable transformer might experience and why.

1. Input Voltage Problems

Issue: The input voltage the transformer receives is incorrect or unstable.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Power surges, drops in voltage, or fluctuations in the power supply
  • Incorrect voltage rating or improper wiring during installation
  • Faulty upstream electrical components, such as breakers or relays
2. Overloading

Issue: Excessive electrical load causes the transformer to overheat or fail.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Load exceeds the transformer’s rated capacity
  • Long-term overcurrent conditions without proper protection mechanisms
  • Miscalculation of the system’s total power requirements
3. Loose or Faulty Connections

Issue: Inefficient operation or power interruptions result from poor connections. Power disruptions or inefficient operation due to faulty connections.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Improperly installed on the DIN rail
  • Vibration or movement loosening connections over time
  • Corroded terminals due to moisture or environmental exposure
4. Damage by Environmental Factors

Issue: External environmental conditions affect the transformer’s performance.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Excessive dust or dirt blocking ventilation
  • High ambient temperatures lead to overheating
  • Moisture or humidity causing corrosion or short circuits
  • Installation in an environment with poor airflow or near heat sources
5. Insulation Degradation

Issue: Insulation breakdown causes transformer coiled windings to fail.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Aging of materials past their prime
  • Excessive heat weakening insulation
  • Mechanical/physical damage during installation or maintenance
6. Noise or Vibrations

Issue: The transformer produces excessive noise or vibrations.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Loose mounting or brackets
  • Harmonic distortion (change in the waveform) in the power supply
  • Core saturation due to incorrect voltage or load
7. Output Voltage Inconsistencies

Issue: Output voltage is unstable, low, or completely absent.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Faulty windings or internal connections
  • Incorrect or faulty wiring on the output side
  • Load with highly variable power demands
8. Tripped Breakers or Blown Fuses

Issue: The transformer trips circuit breakers or blows fuses frequently.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Short circuits in the windings or external wiring
  • Overcurrent conditions from excessive load
  • Electrical faults in downstream devices or circuits
9. Mechanical Damage

Issue: The transformer or its components are physically damaged.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Dropping or mishandling during installation
  • Wear and tear from vibrations
  • Improper mounting on the DIN rail
10. Poor Ventilation or Overheating

Issue: The transformer overheats, leading to performance degradation or failure.

Why Does It Happen?

  • Installation in an enclosed space without proper airflow
  • Ambient temperatures raised by nearby heat-emitting equipment
  • Blocked ventilation slots or insufficient cooling mechanisms

Step-by-Step Troubleshooting Guide

You’ve noticed the signs, and you know the possible root causes. Now, it’s time to follow a diagnostic protocol step by step.

  • Initial inspection. Shut off the power supply and check for visible damage, loose connections, corrosion, or any other sign that something isn’t right.
  • Verify input and output voltage. Use a multimeter to confirm that the input voltage matches the transformer’s specifications—test the output voltage to identify inconsistencies. If the voltages do not match, discontinue using the transformer and contact a manufacturer for assistance.
  • Examine load conditions. Ensure the load is within the transformer’s rated capacity. Disconnect and test the transformer without the load to isolate whether the issue is caused by the load conditions or the transformer itself. If the load is above the rated capacity, discontinue the use of the transformer and contact a manufacturer for assistance.
  • Inspect wiring and installation. Confirm proper wiring and mounting on the DIN rail according to the manufacturer’s diagram. Tighten any loose connections or screws and replace damaged wires.
  • Environmental assessment. Ensure adequate ventilation and remove any obstructions: clean dust or moisture buildup. Monitor the conditions surrounding the enclosure and consider relocating components as necessary.
  • Test components. Measure resistance in windings. Inspect fuses, circuit breakers, or thermal protectors and replace them as necessary.

After following these steps, you should have fixed the problem or at least isolated it. If the issue persists after these steps, you may need to consult a professional.

Troubleshooting can usually fix transformer issues caused by human error, such as incorrect installation or placement. However, if the problem persists, the transformer or specific components may need to be replaced. Regular maintenance of your electrical systems will help you stop common issues before they begin and improve your system’s overall reliability. If you’re already noticing the signs of a problem, troubleshoot carefully and take proactive care to extend the lifespan of your electrical devices.

Kele offers a large selection of Functional Devices transformers. If you run into problems while working through these troubleshooting tips, our team of qualified technicians is ready to help. We’ll make sure you get the support you need to keep your systems up and running. Call us today or shop on kele.com for solutions.

Protect Your Business: Why Commercial HVAC Maintenance Can’t Be Ignored

Posted on by Kele Inc

Maintaining your commercial HVAC system is critical for comfort, energy savings, and avoiding costly breakdowns. Late summer is the perfect time to prepare your system before winter arrives. Here’s what to look for—and how Kele can help.

Your commercial HVAC system is more than just equipment—it’s a critical investment that protects your business, impacts operating costs, and directly affects the comfort and safety of everyone inside your building. And while August may still feel like peak summer, it’s the ideal time to schedule maintenance before colder weather arrives. Addressing potential issues now gives you time to make necessary repairs and ensure your system is ready to perform reliably throughout the winter. 

 

 

5 Warning Signs That Your HVAC System Needs Attention

Rising Energy Bills — Unexplained spikes in utility costs often mean inefficiencies such as dirty coils, leaky ducts, or failing components. Upgrade to power meters to track energy use and prevent waste.

Uneven Temperatures or Weak Airflow — Hot/cold spots or weak airflow may point to ductwork issues, thermostat malfunctions, or overworked equipment. Install a smart room controller to balance comfort while extending system life.

Declining Indoor Air Quality — Complaints of headaches, fatigue, or odors can signal poor indoor air quality caused by clogged ducts, microbial buildup, or other contaminants. Installing an IAQ sensor helps monitor air quality in real time, giving you the data you need to identify problems early and maintain a healthy, productive environment.

Noises or Odors — Clunks, squeals, or burning/musty smells often signal mechanical or electrical problems. Add monitoring sensors to detect issues early and avoid costly breakdowns.

Humidity Problems — Excess moisture, condensation, or mold growth points to poor humidity control. Use a humidity sensor to protect both your property and your equipment.

Act Now to Protect Your Investment

Don’t wait until small problems turn into expensive repairs. Proactive maintenance with the right equipment can extend the life of your system, reduce energy costs, and create a healthier environment. Call us today or shop on kele.com. We’ve got you covered!

Unlock Optimal Comfort and Efficiency: Zone Control

Posted on by Kele Inc

In the dynamic world of HVAC and building automation, the pursuit of comfort and energy efficiency is constant. While central HVAC systems have long been the standard, a more intelligent and adaptable approach is continuing to rapidly grow: zoning control. For engineers, contractors, and everyone in between, understanding the principles, components, and advantages of zoning is crucial for designing and implementing truly optimized building climate solutions.

The Core Concept: Precision Climate Management

At its heart, HVAC zoning control is about segmenting a building into distinct “zones,” each with its own independent temperature and airflow control. Instead of a single thermostat dictating the climate for an entire structure, zoning empowers occupants (or building automation systems) to tailor heating and cooling to specific areas based on real-time needs. This stands in stark contrast to more traditional systems, which often lead to uncomfortable hot or cold spots and significant energy waste from working in unoccupied or less-utilized spaces.

The Engineering Backbone of Zoning

The effectiveness of a zoned HVAC system hinges on the precise integration of several critical components:

  1. Zone Thermostats/Sensors: These are the eyes and ears of each zone. When strategically placed, they provide accurate temperature readings and communicate demand signals to the central control system. Modern sensors often include humidity and occupancy detection for even more granular control. This is important for energy efficiency and cost savings!
  2. Zone Control Panel/Controller: This acts as the brain of the zoning system. It receives input from all zone thermostats and orchestrates the actions of the various mechanical components. Advanced controllers incorporate sophisticated algorithms to optimize energy use, manage airflow, and prevent system conflicts, while also communicating when things fail or break.
  3. Motorized Dampers: Installed within the ductwork, these are the muscular arms of the system. Controlled by actuators, dampers open and close or modulate to precisely regulate the volume of conditioned air delivered to each zone. Low-leakage dampers are critical for minimizing energy loss and ensuring efficient airflow distribution.
  4. Variable Speed Blowers/Air Handlers: To truly capitalize on zoning’s benefits, the central air handler or furnace often features a variable-speed blower. This allows the system to deliver only the necessary amount of air, rather than constantly operating at full capacity, further enhancing efficiency and reducing noise.

The Advantages Beyond Basic Comfort

From an engineering perspective, the benefits of HVAC zoning are compelling:

  • Superior Thermal Comfort: By addressing diverse thermal loads, solar exposure, and occupancy patterns across a building, zoning eliminates hot and cold spots, ensuring consistent and comfortable temperatures in every occupied space.
  • Significant Energy Efficiency: This is perhaps the most impactful advantage. By delivering conditioned air only where and when it’s needed, zoning drastically reduces energy consumption. Studies suggest energy savings of up to 30% compared to non-zoned systems are achievable. This translates directly into lower operating costs and a reduced carbon footprint.
  • Extended Equipment Lifespan: A zoned system avoids constant full-capacity operation, reducing wear and tear on major components like compressors and blowers. This leads to fewer breakdowns, lower maintenance costs, and a longer operational life for the entire system.
  • Enhanced System Flexibility and Control: Zoning allows for customized programming and scheduling for each zone, adapting to changing occupancy patterns or usage requirements. This level of control is invaluable in both residential and commercial applications.
  • Improved Indoor Air Quality (IAQ): While not a direct function, zoning can contribute to better IAQ by allowing for more precise ventilation strategies within specific zones, especially when integrated with advanced filtration and air purification systems.

Challenges and Considerations

While the benefits are clear, you must also account for potential challenges in designing and implementing zoning systems:

  • Proper Zone Definition: Incorrectly defining zones can negate efficiency gains and lead to persistent comfort issues. Engineers must conduct thorough load calculations and consider architectural layout, solar exposure, and occupant usage patterns.
  • Ductwork Design and Sizing: Effective zoning requires well-designed and properly sized ductwork to ensure adequate airflow to each zone without excessive pressure drops or noise. Bypass ducts may be necessary to relieve static pressure when multiple zones are closed.
  • Control System Integration: Seamless communication between thermostats, dampers, and the central HVAC unit is paramount. Choosing compatible components and ensuring robust wiring and programming is critical.
  • Commissioning and Balancing: Proper commissioning and air balancing are essential to ensure each zone receives the correct airflow and operates as designed. This often involves adjusting damper settings and verifying temperature differentials.

Kele.com: Your Partner in Zoning Control Components

For those in the industry seeking reliable and high-quality components for zoning control, kele.com offers a comprehensive selection. Here are some product categories and specific products that would aid in designing and implementing effective zoning solutions:

Standard Control Damper

Thermostatic Radiator Valves

Non-Programmable Thermostats

TJ Series VAV Box Duct Thermistor and RTD Sensors

KTV Series VAV Box Duct Thermistor and RTD Sensors

By leveraging these sophisticated components and adhering to sound engineering and design principles, HVAC and building automation professionals can design and implement zoning control systems that deliver unparalleled comfort, significant energy savings, and a more sustainably built environment.

Call today or shop on kele.com now—Kele’s got you covered!