{"id":793,"date":"2015-02-19T12:10:49","date_gmt":"2015-02-19T18:10:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kele.com\/keleblog\/?p=793"},"modified":"2022-02-01T09:33:36","modified_gmt":"2022-02-01T15:33:36","slug":"connecting-a-voltage-output-signal-source-to-multiple-loads","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kele.com\/content\/blog\/2015\/02\/19\/connecting-a-voltage-output-signal-source-to-multiple-loads","title":{"rendered":"Connecting A Voltage-Output Signal Source To Multiple Loads"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Tech Support<\/a> crew here at Kele frequently gets quizzed by customers who have a voltage-output signal source which must drive multiple voltage-input loads. Requests for \u201cvoltage signal replicators\u201d come in frequently. Sometimes extra hardware is needed, but sometimes it isn\u2019t! So we thought it might be a good idea to write an article addressing this topic. Here we go\u2026<\/p>\n

*** A note about the terms \u201cresistance\u201d and \u201cimpedance\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

When looking at data sheets for HVAC control modules, you may see the terms \u201cresistance\u201d or \u201cimpedance\u201d used in describing signal input\/output loading characteristics.\u00a0 Strictly speaking, \u201cresistance\u201d and \u201cimpedance\u201d are different entities (impedance = resistance + reactance) but for a slow-moving control signal which is what we usually have in the HVAC world, the two terms can be used interchangeably.\u00a0 So don\u2019t worry about whether the data sheet says \u201cresistance\u201d or \u201cimpedance\u201d we\u2019ll take them to be the same thing.\u00a0 In this article we\u2019ll use the term \u201cimpedance\u201d because it\u2019s one letter shorter than \u201cresistance\u201d and we\u2019ll save keystrokes!<\/p>\n

Impedance is measured in units called \u201cohms.\u201d\u00a0 If you don\u2019t know what ohms are, don\u2019t worry.\u00a0 All you have to do is poke the numbers into some simple calculations later on.\u00a0 You may see a suffix \u201ck\u201d or \u201cK\u201d appended after the ohms value on a data sheet.\u00a0 This is important to note!\u00a0 The \u201ck\u201d or \u201cK\u201d means \u201ctimes 1000\u201d so an impedance of \u201c100K\u201d means 100,000 ohms and that\u2019s the number you would put into your calculations.<\/p>\n

On with the show\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

The first thing we must do is answer a few questions about the signal source and loads:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Do the Signal Commons on the different loads have to be isolated from each other?<\/li>\n
  2. Does the Signal Common on the voltage source have to be isolated from all loads?<\/li>\n
  3. What is the \u201cminimum load impedance\u201d the signal source can drive (data sheet item)? (Alternately, this could be specified as \u201cmaximum output current\u201d).<\/li>\n
  4. What is the \u201cinput impedance\u201d of each of the voltage-input loads (data sheet item)?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    The first two questions are sometimes difficult to answer, and are application-dependent.\u00a0 If you cannot find concrete answers, you can always assume that every device must have isolated signals.\u00a0 This approach will always work, but it will also cost more money as signal isolator<\/a> hardware is required.<\/p>\n

    With regards to question #3, the signal source data sheet may specify a \u201cmaximum output current\u201d value instead of \u201cminimum load impedance.\u201d\u00a0 The \u201cmaximum output current\u201d will be expressed in units of mA (milliamps).\u00a0 No worries, we can calculate what we need by this equation:<\/p>\n

    Minimum load impedance = Largest output voltage required\/maximum output current<\/p>\n

    As an example, suppose the signal range of interest is 0-10V and the maximum output current available from the signal source is 2 mA (0.002 amps):<\/p>\n

    Minimum load impedance = 10V \/ 0.002 amps = 5000 ohms<\/p>\n

    Calculating \u201cequivalent load impedance\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

    When connecting voltage loads in parallel, you\u2019ll need to calculate the \u201cequivalent load impedance\u201d of all the loads connected together.\u00a0 There are a couple of ways to do this:<\/p>\n

    If all load impedances are the same\u2014<\/p>\n

    Equivalent load impedance = impedance of one load \/ number of loads<\/p>\n

    If the load impedances are different \u2013<\/p>\n

    Equivalent load impedance = 1 \/ (1\/Load1 impedance + 1\/Load2 impedance + \u2026)<\/p>\n

    The second calculation is most easily done using the 1\/X key on your calculator.\u00a0 Just do a 1\/X calculation for each load impedance and add the terms together.\u00a0 Then do a final 1\/X calculation on the first result.\u00a0 Here\u2019s an example\u2014<\/p>\n

    Load 1 = 10,000 ohms (10K)<\/p>\n

    Load 2 = 50,000 ohms (50K)<\/p>\n

    Load 3 = 100,000 ohms (100K)<\/p>\n

    Equivalent load impedance = 1 \/ (1\/10000 + 1\/50000 + 1\/100000)\u00a0 =\u00a0 7,692 ohms<\/p>\n

    The two rules that must be satisfied<\/strong><\/p>\n

    There are basically two rules that must be satisfied when driving multiple loads from a voltage source:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. If electrical isolation is required, you must add a hardware signal isolator<\/a> module to each device to be isolated.<\/li>\n
    2. At each voltage output-to-input interface, the equivalent load impedance of the loads connected together must be higher<\/strong> than the minimum load impedance of the signal source<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Case 1:\u00a0 It\u2019s OK for all devices to have their Signal Commons tied together<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      This case can be done using direct wiring (NO extra hardware) if the equivalent load impedance (calculated above) is greater than <\/strong>the signal source\u2019s minimum load impedance:<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      That\u2019s great UNLESS\u2026 your equivalent load impedance is smaller <\/strong>than the voltage source\u2019s minimum load impedance.\u00a0 Then what are you going to do?<\/p>\n

      When the equivalent load impedance is too small for the signal source to drive directly, you will need to insert a \u201csignal booster<\/a>\u201d device of some sort between the original signal source and the loads.\u00a0 The signal booster doesn\u2019t need to boost the voltage (you typically want the same voltage out that\u2019s coming in).\u00a0 It needs to boost the available current so there is enough to drive all the loads connected together.<\/p>\n

      The Kele UAT<\/a> is a good device to use as a signal booster in this application.\u00a0 A look at the data sheet shows that its voltage output can drive up to 20 mA of current.\u00a0 Let\u2019s assume that the signal range of interest is 0-10V so the maximum voltage we ever need to output is 10V.\u00a0 Then the minimum load resistance supported by the UAT would be:<\/p>\n

      UAT minimum load resistance = 10V \/ 0.020 amps = 500 ohms.<\/p>\n

      This is plenty of drive power for most parallel-connected voltage loads.<\/p>\n

      Now when we insert a signal booster device, we must insure that the input impedance of the booster itself is not too low for the original signal source.\u00a0 We see that the UAT input impedance on the 0-10.9V range is 156K ohms (156,000 ohms).\u00a0 If your UAT data sheet shows 156 ohms input impedance, don\u2019t panic!\u00a0 It\u2019s really 156K, some data sheets have a typo.\u00a0 Our apologies.\u00a0 So the UAT input impedance of 156K is far higher than the signal source\u2019s minimum load impedance of 5K, and it\u2019s all good:<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Now you should understand that the UAT does not<\/strong> provide signal isolation<\/strong> as it has one Common terminal for both signal input and output.\u00a0 If you require isolation between devices, read on\u2026<\/p>\n

      Case 2: Load Signal Commons can be tied together, but voltage source needs isolation<\/strong><\/p>\n

      In this case you will need a signal isolator device such as the Kele DT-13E<\/a>.\u00a0 On the DT-13E, the input signal terminals are completely isolated from the signal output terminals and both of those terminal sets are completely isolated from the power terminals.<\/p>\n

      We look at the DT-13E data sheet and see that the input impedance on the 10V input range is 13.3K.\u00a0 This is higher than the signal source\u2019s minimum load impedance of 5K, so there is no problem driving the DT-13E input from the original signal source.<\/p>\n

      Looking at the DT-13E voltage output, we see that the maximum current available is 6 mA.\u00a0 For a 0-10V signal, the max voltage we need to drive out is 10V so the DT-13E\u2019s minimum load impedance will be:<\/p>\n

      DT-13E minimum load impedance = 10V \/ 0.006 amps = 1667 ohms.<\/p>\n

      If we have the same three 10K loads paralleled as in the previous example (3333 ohms equivalent load) then the DT-13E has enough drive and this setup should work just fine:<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Case 3: Load Signal Commons must be isolated from each other<\/strong><\/p>\n

      In this situation, each load will need its own signal isolator module like the DT-13E.\u00a0 The most obvious setup to use is shown in the next figure.\u00a0 When we do the load calculations, however, we find that three DT-13E inputs in parallel will present an equivalent load impedance of 13.3K \/ 3 = 4433 ohms.\u00a0 Oops, that is lower than the minimum load impedance of 5000 ohms specified for the signal source:<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      How do we fix this problem?\u00a0 Here are some possibilities:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Use a different signal source with more drive capability.<\/li>\n
      2. Use different signal isolators with higher input impedance.<\/li>\n
      3. Try rearranging the wiring using the devices that we have.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Let\u2019s see what we can do with option #3.\u00a0 Realizing that inputs and outputs are isolated on the DT-13E modules, it\u2019s perfectly legal to take one of the DT-13E inputs and drive it from another DT-13E\u2019s output.\u00a0 Let\u2019s check the math to see if this would work.<\/p>\n

        With only two DT-13E inputs paralleled on the signal source, the equivalent output impedance would be 13.3K \/ 2 = 6650 ohms.\u00a0 This is higher than the signal source\u2019s minimum load requirement of 5000 ohms, so that works.<\/p>\n

        With the new arrangement, one DT-13E output will drive a parallel combination of the original 10K load and one DT-13E input (13.3K).\u00a0 The equivalent load impedance will be:<\/p>\n

        Equivalent load impedance = 1 \/ (1\/10000 + 1\/13300) = 5708 ohms.<\/p>\n

        This is higher than the DT-13E output\u2019s minimum load impedance of 1667 ohms so that works too!\u00a0 And this is the final configuration:<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        \"\"<\/p>\n

        Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n

        By following the two interface rules discussed above, multiple voltage-input loads may be successfully driven by a common voltage-output signal source.\u00a0 The math is simple algebra and can be done on any calculator.\u00a0 Happy interfacing!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        The Tech Support crew here at Kele frequently gets quizzed by customers who have a voltage-output signal source which must drive multiple voltage-input loads. Requests for \u201cvoltage signal replicators\u201d come in frequently. Sometimes extra hardware is needed, but sometimes it isn\u2019t! So we thought it might be a good idea to write an article addressing […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,12,13,14],"tags":[67,94,112,138,139],"class_list":["post-793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kele-makes-it-easy","category-technical-reference","category-technically-speaking","category-transducers","tag-impedance","tag-ohms","tag-resistance","tag-voltage-output","tag-voltage-signal-replicator"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\r\nConnecting A Voltage-Output Signal Source To Multiple Loads - kele.com<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kele.com\/content\/blog\/2015\/02\/19\/connecting-a-voltage-output-signal-source-to-multiple-loads\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Connecting A Voltage-Output Signal Source To Multiple Loads - kele.com\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Tech Support crew here at Kele frequently gets quizzed by customers who have a voltage-output signal source which must drive multiple voltage-input loads. 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