{"id":762,"date":"2014-10-29T15:30:26","date_gmt":"2014-10-29T20:30:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kele.com\/keleblog\/?p=762"},"modified":"2023-03-29T15:14:27","modified_gmt":"2023-03-29T20:14:27","slug":"47-ways-to-wire-your-power-meter-wrong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kele.com\/content\/blog\/2014\/10\/29\/47-ways-to-wire-your-power-meter-wrong","title":{"rendered":"47 Ways to Wire Your Power Meter Wrong"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\">Some of you might remember that back in 1975 Paul Simon had a hit song entitled \u201c50 Ways to Leave Your Lover.\u201d<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Well, coming in a close second are the number of ways (47) that you can wire a 3-phase power meter incorrectly!<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In this article we&#8217;ll briefly discuss why there are so many ways to incorrectly wire a 3-phase power meter and how you can try to insure that your wiring is correct.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Cautionary Note<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This article deals with the connections between power systems and the <a href=\"\/product\/power-monitoring-and-protection\/power-meters\">meters<\/a> that monitor them.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Hazardous, potentially lethal voltages are involved.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>See the <b><i>Stayin Alive<\/i><\/b> footnote at the end of this article for information on keeping yourself safe.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Six Different Inputs to Deal With<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A 3-phase power meter has 6 different input signals which must be present and connected correctly in order to measure power accurately:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There are 3 voltage inputs (we will refer to them as L1, L2, L3) which are connected to the three \u201chot\u201d wires of the power system being monitored.<\/li>\n<li>There are 3 current inputs (we will refer to them as CTA, CTB, CTC) which are connected to 3 \u201cCurrent Transformer\u201d sensors (CTs).\u00a0 The CTs have holes through their centers and the L1, L2, L3 hot wires pass through the holes in the CTs.\u00a0 The CTs measure the currents flowing in the hot wires.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A picture may help to clarify our word description:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19784\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"884\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-1.png 884w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-1-300x186.png 300w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-1-768x475.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 884px) 100vw, 884px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Note that a \u201cNeutral\u201d power wire is also shown on the drawing .\u00a0 This wire will be present on a 3-Phase Wye power system and absent on a 3-Phase Delta power system.\u00a0 This article is valid for both scenarios.<\/p>\n<p>The L1\/L2\/L3 wiring is straightforward.\u00a0 A single wire is run from each \u201chot\u201d wire to its corresponding L1\/L2\/L3 input terminal on the power meter.\u00a0 The CT installation and wiring are a bit more complex, however.<\/p>\n<p>Note that each <a href=\"\/product\/power-monitoring-and-protection\/current-transformers\">current transformer<\/a> has two wires on its output which run to the power meter, and the power meter has 2 screws labeled \u201cX1\u201d and \u201cX2\u201d for each CT input.\u00a0 Normal convention is that the wires from the CT are colored white and black, and the white wire connects to the X1 screw while the black wire connects to the X2 screw.<\/p>\n<p>The body of the CT has one side designated \u201cH1\u201d and the other side is \u201cH2.\u201d\u00a0 This could be done with labels or molded directly into the plastic CT body.\u00a0 The CT should be installed with the H1 side facing the power source and the H2 side facing the load.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How to Get It Wrong \u2013 Cross Wiring the CTs and L1\/L2\/L3 Wires<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the drawing below, current transformers CTB and CTC have been cross-wired with L2 and L3:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19785\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"906\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-2.png 906w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-2-300x190.png 300w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-2-768x486.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\" \/><br \/>\nNote that CTB is around the L3 wire and CTC is around the L2 wire.\u00a0 In this scenario, the power meter will calculate Phase A power correctly, but Phase B power and Phase C power will both the incorrect, resulting in the total power also being incorrect.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a diagram showing the different ways that CTA, CTB, CTC can be paired with L1, L2, L3.\u00a0 Each diagonal line represents an incorrect cross-wiring between the CTs and hot wires:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19786\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"897\" height=\"145\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-3.png 897w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-3-300x48.png 300w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-3-768x124.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 897px) 100vw, 897px\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>How to Get It Wrong \u2013 Reversing the CT Polarities<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the drawing below, current transformer CTC has been installed over hot wire L3 with the \u201cH1\u201d side facing the load instead of the power source:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19787\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"910\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-4.png 910w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-4-300x186.png 300w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/47-ways-drawing-4-768x476.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 910px) 100vw, 910px\" \/><br \/>\nWith CTC\u2019s H1 facing the wrong direction, the power meter will either read a Phase C power of zero (if meter is not capable of bi-directional power measurement) or it will read a negative power (if meter is capable of bi-directional power measurement).\u00a0 Either way, the total power measurement is going to be incorrect.<\/p>\n<p>With three CTs, each capable of being installed with plus or minus orientation, there are 8 possible combinations of CT polarities:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25738 aligncenter\" src=\"\/\/www.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/47_ways_blog_fig.5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"262\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Combining CT Cross-Wiring and CT Polarity Possibilities<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Below is a diagram showing the possible CT cross-wiring combinations and the possible CT polarity assignment combinations.\u00a0 Note that out of all the possible combinations, there is exactly <strong>one <\/strong>combination that measures total power correctly.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25739\" src=\"\/\/www.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/47_ways_blog_fig.6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"816\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/47_ways_blog_fig.6.jpg 816w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/47_ways_blog_fig.6-300x164.jpg 300w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/47_ways_blog_fig.6-768x420.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 816px) 100vw, 816px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Symptoms of Incorrect Meter Wiring<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Incorrect CT-hot wire matching or reversed CT polarities will give lower-than-expected power readings or even negative power readings.\u00a0 Power factor will also read unusually low on the cross-wired phases.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What\u2019s A Poor Installer To Do?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To have a chance of getting it right, you need to pay scrupulous attention to wire assignments.\u00a0 Use different <a href=\"\/product\/electrical-wiring-materials\/wire\">wire<\/a> colors and\/or use stick-on <a href=\"\/product\/electrical-wiring-materials\/tape\">wire tags<\/a> to unambiguously designate the wire functions at both ends of the wire runs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Determining Correct Wiring Configuration On An Installed Meter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you suspect that your meter wiring might be wrong, the best way to determine correct wiring is to physically trace everything out.\u00a0 However, this may be difficult or impossible to do on some installations (for example CTs are sometimes buried inside switchgear which is locked for safety reasons).<\/p>\n<p>If physical wiring inspection isn\u2019t possible then \u201cin theory,\u201d if you are monitoring a constant load, you could rearrange the wiring to try every combination in the table above looking for the highest total KW reading.\u00a0 This isn\u2019t very practical as it would require a tremendous amount of physical wire swapping and it\u2019s unlikely that the load would remain constant during the length of time it would take to do all the wire rearranging.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Some power meters have the ability to sense a reverse-mounted CT (power is reading negative) and electronically flip the CT signal polarity so the black and white CT wires don\u2019t have to be physically swapped on the meter terminals.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>This is a desirable feature and will increase your chances of a successful power meter installation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">There are many ways to wire a 3-phase power meter wrong and only one way to wire it correctly.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Use color coded wire and\/or wire tags to clearly identify each wire at the power system connection points and at the meter connection points.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Using a power meter with CT polarity auto-correction can eliminate one source of wiring errors.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">If the power system connection points will be inaccessible later (locked up inside switchgear for example), try to do your meter testing early when you still have access to the power system connections.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Personal Safety Footnote<\/h3>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Stayin&#8217; Alive, Stayin&#8217; Alive (1977 hit by the Bee Gees)<\/h5>\n<p class=\"p1\">The connections between a power system and the meter(s) monitoring it involve hazardous voltages.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Described below are two ways you could get zapped working with power meter wiring.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Please don\u2019t!<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>News Flash:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Power System Voltages are Dangerous<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The L1\/L2\/L3 input terminals on a power meter will have voltages from 120V to 600V attached to them.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Never put your fingers inside a power meter unless these high voltages have been de-energized external to the power meter.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>This seems like common sense, but we had to say it.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>There, you\u2019ve been warned.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>A Tale of Two CTs (or rather two CT <i>Styles)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Current Transformers (CTs) come in two styles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\">\u201cConventional\u201d or \u201ctraditional\u201d CTs have a current output on the secondary wires.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The most common output range is 0-5 amps, but there are also some 0-1 amp CTs out there.<\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\">\u201cSafe\u201d CTs have a voltage output on the secondary wires.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The most common output range is 0-0.333V, but there are also some 0-1V and 0-2V Safe-CTs out there.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Now this is not obvious, but current-output CTs always need a load attached to the ends of the secondary wires any time the primary conductor (the conductor going through the hole in the CT) has current flowing through it.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><b>If you open-circuit the secondary wires of a current-output CT with current flowing through the primary conductor, very high voltages (thousands of volts) can be produced across the open secondary wires!<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Never disconnect the secondary wires from a current-output CT with current flowing in the primary wire!<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Safe-CTs, on the other hand, can safely have their secondary wires open-circuited while current is flowing in the primary conductor.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The output voltage will not rise when a Safe-CT is open-circuited on the secondary.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>There had to be a reason they\u2019re called Safe-CTs, right?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>So it\u2019s perfectly OK to grab the screwdriver and move Safe-CT secondary wires around on the meter terminal block.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>One Final Note On the Two Different CT Styles<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This note isn\u2019t so much about personal safety as it is about not burning up your power meter by mis-application of CT styles.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Most power meters are designed to accept either 0-5A current-output CTs or 0.333V Safe-CTs, but not both.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Here are the consequences of attaching the wrong style CTs to the meter:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\">Attaching Safe-CTs to a meter with 0-5 amp CT inputs will not hurt anything, but the amps readings on the power meter will be completely inaccurate.<\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\">Attaching 0-5A CTs to a meter with Safe-CT inputs will destroy the CT input circuits in the meter!<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>So please, don\u2019t attach 0-5 amp CTs to your Safe-CT meter inputs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Some of you might remember that back in 1975 Paul Simon had a hit song entitled \u201c50 Ways to Leave Your Lover.\u201d\u00a0 Well, coming in a close second are the number of ways (47) that you can wire a 3-phase power meter incorrectly!\u00a0 In this article we&#8217;ll briefly discuss why there are so many ways [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,8,12],"tags":[103],"class_list":["post-762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kele-makes-it-easy","category-kele-product-information","category-technical-reference","tag-power-monitoring"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>47 Ways to Wire Your Power Meter Wrong - kele.com<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kele.com\/content\/blog\/2014\/10\/29\/47-ways-to-wire-your-power-meter-wrong\" \/>\r\n<meta 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