{"id":1027,"date":"2016-04-14T13:30:03","date_gmt":"2016-04-14T18:30:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kele.com\/keleblog\/?p=1027"},"modified":"2022-02-09T15:36:10","modified_gmt":"2022-02-09T21:36:10","slug":"using-a-multimeter-series-current-measuring-basics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kele.com\/content\/blog\/2016\/04\/14\/using-a-multimeter-series-current-measuring-basics","title":{"rendered":"Using a Multimeter Series &#8211; Current Measuring Basics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>If you are involved in installing or troubleshooting HVAC systems, sooner or later you will be taking electrical current measurements. This tutorial will discuss the basics of how to take those current measurements.<\/p>\n<p>Current is measured in units of amperes, usually abbreviated to simply \u201camps.\u201d When working with small currents (less than 1 amp) it may be more convenient to describe current in \u201cmilliamps,\u201d typically abbreviated as \u201cmA.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>When you see the term \u201cmilliamp\u201d or \u201cmA\u201d this means 1\/1000 of an ampere. For example:<\/p>\n<p>4 mA = 4\/1000 amps = 0.004 amps<br \/>\n20 mA = 20\/1000 amps = 0.020 amps<\/p>\n<p>You might be measuring AC (alternating current) or you might be measuring DC (direct current) depending on the situation. AC current is constantly reversing directions whereas DC current is always flowing in the same direction.<\/p>\n<p>Very likely you will be taking current measurements for one of two reasons:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Measuring how much current a load draws from its supply\u00a0(amps or mA, AC or DC).<\/li>\n<li>Measuring a 4-20 mA control signal value (always DC).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Amp-Clamp Ammeter Versus Multimeter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If a lot of your work is done on high-current AC power circuits, an \u201cAmp Clamp\u201d ammeter will be very useful. An amp clamp ammeter has spring-loaded jaws that simply snap around a conductor (no electrical connection required) and the built-in display (analog or digital) reads the amps of current flowing through the conductor:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19830\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"304\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic1.png 304w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic1-283x300.png 283w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Amp-clamp ammeters are convenient, but they have some limitations:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Typically an amp-clamp only measures AC amps; it can\u2019t measure DC amps. \u00a0(There are amp-clamps with a special kind of sensor known as a Hall Effect sensor which can\u00a0measure DC amps, but these are not typical of most amp-clamps).<\/li>\n<li>The range covered is usually high (hundreds of amps) so the accuracy on small amp values is poor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>If you are measuring relatively low value AC currents or DC currents, you will likely be using the amps\/mA measurement function of a <strong>multimeter.\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0A multimeter can measure other quantities besides amps but today we are just concentrating on amp\/milliamp current measurements.<\/p>\n<p>Shown\u00a0 below is a typical multimeter face layout.\u00a0 This is an actual meter Kele uses in our internal training classes.\u00a0 It\u2019s a few years old but the functionality of the controls is the same as a modern multimeter.\u00a0 Note that your multimeter controls may be arranged somewhat differently or completely differently.\u00a0 <strong>No one likes to do it, but you might want to actually read your multimeter instruction manual if it hasn\u2019t been thrown away\/lost by now!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19836\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-resistance-2-300x250.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-resistance-2-300x250.png 300w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-resistance-2.png 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>To read current, plug the black meter lead into the COM jack and plug the red meter lead into the mA or 10A jack. \u00a0Using the mA jack, you can measure currents up to 200 mA on this particular meter.\u00a0 Other model meters may have higher mA ranges available.\u00a0 If you want to measure currents above 200 mA on this meter, you would move the red meter lead to the 10A jack.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Be aware of meter probe properties in the mA\/amp mode!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When the meter probes are plugged into COM and mA\/amps jacks, the meter\u2019s internal resistance is very low, just a fraction of an ohm.\u00a0 <strong>In the current mode,<\/strong> <strong>the probe-to-probe path through the meter looks almost like a straight piece of wire!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This has important implications.\u00a0 <strong>If you put the current meter probes across a power source, you will short out the power source!\u00a0 <\/strong>This makes sense if the probe-to-probe path looks like a straight piece of wire, right?<\/p>\n<p>Many power sources have the capability to produce very large fault currents if their output terminals are shorted directly together.\u00a0 If you do this with your current meter probes, very large currents can flow through the meter!<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19832\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic3-300x242.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic3-300x242.png 300w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic3.png 611w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Because it\u2019s so easy to do this accidentally, most meter manufacturers put an internal fuse in series with the meter\u2019s mA\/amp jacks.\u00a0 In that case, hopefully the fuse will blow and protect the meter and the power source.\u00a0 Still, it\u2019s a pain to open up the meter, locate the blown fuse, and replace it.<\/p>\n<p>Some very cheap meters do not have a fuse in series with the mA\/amp jacks.\u00a0 If you send large fault currents through one of these cheap meters, the foil on the circuit board will blow apart in lieu of a fuse, rendering the meter a candidate for the trash can.\u00a0 Hopefully your meter does have internal fuses on the mA\/amps jacks.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Set the Meter Selector to mA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The meter selector switch has different major areas for choosing whether you want to read voltage, current, resistance (ohms), or possibly other things.\u00a0 You need to move the selector switch to one of the positions in the mA area (lower right area on our example meter).\u00a0 If you are measuring large currents (amps instead of mA) the meter selector may have a separate position for that, or it may still use the mA position since there is a separate jack for amps.\u00a0 Check your meter\u2019s user guide.\u00a0 Our example meter above still uses the selector switch set to mA even though we are using the 10A jack for large currents.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Set Meter Range (Unless You Have an Auto-Ranging Meter)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Our example meter has different current ranges to choose from when using the mA jack based on the maximum current you expect to measure.\u00a0 Choose the smallest range that\u2019s above the highest current you are expecting to measure.\u00a0 If you are not sure what range the current will be, start on the highest range and take a measurement.\u00a0 Then if you can move down to a lower meter range, it will give you better accuracy.<\/p>\n<p>If you accidentally select a lower range than the current you are trying to measure, the meter won\u2019t be damaged unless you put a really large fault current through that blows the fuse.\u00a0 Typically you\u2019ll get some kind of \u201coverrange\u201d indication on the display.\u00a0 This can vary from meter to meter.\u00a0 Sometimes it\u2019s a row of horizontal dashes, sometimes it\u2019s \u201cOL\u201d for overload, or maybe something completely different.<\/p>\n<p>If your meter has an Auto-Ranging function you don\u2019t have to worry about setting the range, the meter will figure it out for you.\u00a0 It usually starts on the most sensitive range and, if it sees an over-range condition, moves to the next higher range etc. until it finds the most sensitive range that does not result in an over-range condition.<\/p>\n<p>Auto-Ranging is very handy.\u00a0 The down side is that it can take the meter longer to display a final stable current reading because it has to trial-and-error each time to find the right range.\u00a0 A fixed-range meter manually set to the correct range will stabilize to a usable reading faster since it doesn\u2019t have to experiment to find the correct range.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Set Meter for AC or DC As Needed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you set the meter to read DC mA and put the probes in a circuit with AC current, the meter will read essentially zero mA (the readout might jump around the zero reading a bit).<\/p>\n<p>If you set the meter to read AC current and put the probes in a circuit with DC current, the meter display will jump up momentarily then \u201ccoast\u201d back down to essentially zero current over time.<\/p>\n<p>So be careful \u2013 an incorrect AC\/DC meter setting will give completely bogus results!<\/p>\n<p>If you are probing a \u201cmystery circuit\u201d and you\u2019re not sure whether the current between two points is AC or DC, you can try both settings on the meter to see which gives you a non-zero value.<\/p>\n<p><strong>It\u2019s Time To Place the Meter Probes in the Circuit<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Now this is very important:\u00a0 <strong>to take a current measurement, you must disconnect an existing wire in the circuit and connect the meter current probes to take the place of the original connection.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The idea is that you must make the current that would normally flow directly between the two points take a detour and flow through your current meter on the way to its destination:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19833\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19833\" style=\"width: 214px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19833 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic4-214x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic4-214x300.png 214w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic4.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19833\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Measuring Supply Current<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_19834\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19834\" style=\"width: 248px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19834 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic5-248x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"248\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"\/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic5-248x300.png 248w, \/\/assets.kele.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/multimeter-blog-current-meter-pic5.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19834\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Measuring 4-20 mA Signal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Remember to keep your fingers on the insulated probe handles, don\u2019t touch the metal probe tips with your fingers just in case the connection contains high voltage.\u00a0 If you have jumper wires with alligator clips, these can be handy for connecting the meter probes into the circuit hands-free.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019ve shown the current meter connected at the load in the drawings above, but it could just as easily have been connected at the power source\/signal source end instead.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of AC current there is no polarity to worry about, the signal will always read positive on the display no matter which way the probes are placed.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of DC current, the red probe should go on the more positive point and the black probe should go on the more negative point.\u00a0 But if you should get it backwards no harm is done, the meter will just display a negative current value, the magnitude of the reading will still be correct and you will know that the point with the black probe is actually the more positive point.<\/p>\n<p>If the display shows an over-range condition, just move the meter current selector to the next higher range and try again.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Average-Reading\u00a0 Versus True-RMS AC current meters<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Not all current meters are created equal when it comes to measuring AC current.\u00a0 There are two different measurement techniques in use.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAverage-Reading\u201d AC current meters only give a correct reading if the AC current is a sine wave.\u00a0 Less expensive meters tend to use the average-reading measurement technique.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTrue-RMS\u201d AC current meters will give a correct reading no matter what the wave shape (does not have to be a sine wave).\u00a0 This technique is typically reserved for the more expensive meters.<\/p>\n<p>True-RMS current readings are based on what heating effect the current would have if passed through a resistance.\u00a0 The fact is that many AC-to-DC power supplies draw their AC supply current in short, high-current pulses which are not a sine wave.\u00a0 Since the hookup wire has resistance, and fuses are designed to open based on heating of the fuse element, True-RMS current measurements are more meaningful for applying the correct wire size and fuse size on an AC-to-DC power supply input.\u00a0 True-RMS current meters are therefore preferable over average-reading current meters.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Final Thoughts<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The most common complaint from the field is that a current meter is reading zero.\u00a0 The most common problems are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The meter selector switch is not set for current (mA\/amps).<\/li>\n<li>The meter leads are not plugged in the correct jacks (COM and mA\/amps).<\/li>\n<li>The internal meter fuse is blown.<\/li>\n<li>The meter\u2019s AC\/DC switch is set opposite to the type of current actually present.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you are involved in installing or troubleshooting HVAC systems, sooner or later you will be taking electrical current measurements. This tutorial will discuss the basics of how to take those current measurements. Current is measured in units of amperes, usually abbreviated to simply \u201camps.\u201d When working with small currents (less than 1 amp) it [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kele-makes-it-easy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>Using a Multimeter Series - Current Measuring Basics - kele.com<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kele.com\/content\/blog\/2016\/04\/14\/using-a-multimeter-series-current-measuring-basics\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Using a Multimeter Series - Current Measuring Basics - kele.com\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"If you are involved in installing or troubleshooting HVAC systems, sooner or later you will be taking electrical current measurements. 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